Animal Husbandry

Commercial Piggery



1. WHY DO PIG FARMING?

The challenges faced by our country in securing the food as well as nutritional security to fast growing population need an integrated approach for livestock farming. Among the various livestock species, piggery is most potential source of meat production and more efficient feed converters after the broiler. Apart from providing meat, it is also a source of bristles and manure. Pig farming will provide employment opportunities to seasonally employed rural farmers and supplementary income to improve their living standards. The advantages of the pig farming are :
1. The pig has got highest feed conversion efficiency i.e. they produce more live weight gain from a given weight of feed than any other class of meat producing animals except broilers.
2. The pig can utilise wide variety of feed stuffs viz. grains, forages, damaged feeds and garbage and convert them into valuable nutritious meat. However, feeding of damaged grains, garbage and other unbalanced rations may result in lower feed efficiency.
3. They are prolific with shorter generation interval. A sow can be bred as early as 8-9 months of age and can farrow twice in a year. They produce 6-12 piglets in each farrowing.
4. Pig farming requires small investment on buildings and equipments
5. Pigs are known for their meat yield, which in terms of dressing percentage ranges from 65 - 80 in comparison to other livestock species whose dressing yields may not exceed 65%.
6. Pork is most nutritious with high fat and low water content and has got better energy value than that of other meats. It is rich in vitamins like thiamin, Niacin and riboflavin.
7. Pigs manure is widely used as fertilizer for agriculture farms and fish ponds.
8. Pigs store fat rapidly for which there is an increasing demand from poultry feed, soap, paints and other chemical industries.
9. Pig farming provides quick returns since the marketable weight of fatteners can be achieved with in a period of 6-8 months.
10. There is good demand from domestic as well as export market for pig products such as pork, bacon, ham, sausages, lard etc.

2. SCOPE FOR PIG FARMING AND ITS CONTRIBUTION TO NATIONAL
ECONOMY

2.1 The pig population of the country is 12.79 million as per the 1992 livestock census and 13.291 million as per 1997 provisional result of census from states and constitutes around 1.30% of the total world's population. The state wise pig population are given in Annexure I . The pork production stands at 4.20 lakh tonnes (1995). During 2001-02 the production of pork and pork products were estimated to be 612550 mt with 3.03% growth rate in last decade. If comprised over 38% of the total world meat product Indian share in piggary meat production moderately increased from 0.53%in 1981 to 0.63 in 2002. The contribution of pork products in terms of value works out to 0.80% of total livestock products and 4.32% of the meat and meat products. The contribution of pigs to Indian exports is very poor. About 934 tonnes of pork and pork products were exported during 1995-96. The value of pork and pork products exported is Rs. 262 lakhs against the total value of Rs. 61604 lakhs on account of meat and meat products export.
2.2 The pig farming constitutes the livelihood of rural poor belonging to the lowest socio-economic strata and they have no means to undertake scientific pig farming with improved foundation stock, proper housing, feeding and management. Therefore, suitable schemes to popularise the scientific pig breeding cum rearing of meat producing animals with adequate financial provisions are necessary to modernise the Indian pig industry and to improve the productivity of small sized rural pig farms.
2.3 In view of the importance of pig farming in terms of it's contribution to rural poor and possible potentials for pig rearing in our country, Government of India has initiated measures to promote the pig farming on scientific lines under it's five year plans. The first step towards this direction is establishment of eight bacon factories and organisation of pig production in rural areas attached to bacon factories. In order to make available good foundation stock, regional pig breeding stations were established for each bacon factory. Further expansion of pig breeding programmes paved the way for establishment of 115 pig breeding farms (1992-93) through out the country. The location of bacon factories and pig breeding farms are given in Annexures II and III respectively.

3 FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE AVAILABLE FROM BANKS / NABARD FOR
PIG FARMING

3.1 NABARD is an apex institution for all matters relating to policy, planning, and operations in the field of agriculture credit. It serves as refinance agency for the ground level institutions / banks providing investment and production credit for various activities under agriculture and allied sectors for ensuring integrated rural development. It co-ordinates the development activities through a well organised Technical Services Department at the head office and Technical cells at each of the regional offices.
3.2 For undertaking the pig farming on scientific lines, loan from banks with refinance facility from NABARD is available. For obtaining bank loan the farmers / entrepreneurs should apply to the nearest branch of a Commercial, Co-operative or Regional Rural Bank in the prescribed application form, which is available in the branches of financing bank. Necessary help or guidance can be obtained from the technical officer attached to or the manager of the bank in preparing the project report, which is a prerequisite for sanction of the loan.
3.3 For piggery development schemes with very large outlays, detailed project reports will have to be prepared. The items such as land development, construction of sheds and other civil structures, purchase of the breeding stock, equipment, feed cost upto the point of income generation are normally considered under bank loan. Other items of investment will be considered on need basis after providing the satisfactory information justifying the need for such items. The cost of land is not considered for loan. However, if land is purchased for setting up the piggery farm exclusively, it can be considered as beneficiaries margin money.

4. SCHEME FORMULATION

In case of commercial piggery units, the banks are expected to submit a project for availing the refinance. The scheme normally should include information on land, livestock markets, availability of water, feeds, veterinary aid, breeding facilities, marketing aspects, training facilities, experience of the farmer and the type of assistance available from State Government Regional Pig breeding centres.
The scheme should also include information on the number of and types of animals to be purchased, their breeds, production performance, cost and other relevant input and output costs with their description. Based on this, the total cost of the project, margin money to be provided by the beneficiary, requirement of bank loan, estimated annual expenditure, income, profit and loss statement, repayment period, etc. can be worked out and included in the project cost.

5. REQUIREMENTS OF A GOOD PROJECT

A format prepared by NABARD for formulation of piggery development schemes is given in Annexure IV. The scheme so formulated should be submitted to the nearest branch of bank. The bank's officers can assist in preparation of the scheme or filling in the prescribed application form. The bank will then examine the scheme for its technical feasibility and economic viability.

A) Technical Feasibility - This would briefly include :

1. Nearness of the selected area to financing bank's branch.
2. Availability of good quality animals in nearby livestock markets/ breeding farms.
3. Source and availability of training facilities.
4. Availability of concentrate feeds and kitchen/ hotel/ vegetable market waste and broken grains from Food corporation godowns.
5. Availability of medicines, vaccines and veterinary services etc.
6. Availability of veterinary aid / breeding centres and marketing facilities near the scheme area.
7. Reasonability of various production and reproduction parameters.

B) Economic Viability - This would briefly include :

1. Unit cost - The average cost of piggery breeding stock for some of the States is given in Annexure V.
2. Input cost for feeds, veterinary aid, insurance, labour charges, etc.
3. Output costs i.e. sale price of fatteners, piglets and culled animals
4. Income-expenditure statement and annual gross surplus.
5. Cash flow analysis.

C. Bankability :

Repayment schedule (i.e. repayment of principal loan amount and interest.)
Other documents such as loan application forms, security aspects, margin money requirements etc. are also examined. A field visit to the scheme area is undertaken for conducting a techno- economic feasibility study for appraisal of the scheme. The economics of piggery unit is given in Annexure VIa- VIf.

6. SANCTION OF BANK LOAN AND ITS DISBURSEMENT

After ensuring technical feasibility and economic viability, the scheme is sanctioned by the bank. The loan is disbursed in stages against creation of specific assets such as construction of sheds, purchase of equipments and animals. The end use of the fund is verified and constant follow-up is done by the bank.

7. LENDING TERMS - GENERAL

7.1 Unit cost
Each Regional Office (R.O) of NABARD has constituted a State Level Unit Cost Committee under the chairmanship of RO- in-charge and with the members from developmental agencies, commercial banks and cooperative banks to review the unit cost of various investments once in six months. The same is circulated among the banks for their guidance.

7.2 Margin Money

NABARD has defined farmers into three different categories and where subsidy is not available, the minimum down payment as shown below is collected from the beneficiaries.

Sr.No. Category of Farmer Beneficiary's Contribution
a) Small farmers 5%
b) Medium farmers 10%
c) Large farmers 15%
7.3 Interest Rate for ultimate borrower
Banks are free to decide the role of interest within the overall RBI guidelines. However, for working out the financial viability and bankability of the model project we have assumed the rate of interest as 12% p.a.
7.4 Security
Security will be as per NABARD/RBI guidelines issued from time to time.
7.5 Repayment Period of Loan
Repayment period depends upon the gross surplus in the scheme. The loans will be repaid in suitable half yearly/annual instalments usually within a period of about 5-6 years with a grace period of one year.
7.6 Insurance
The animals may be insured annually or on long term master policy, where ever it is applicable. The present premium rate for non IRDP schemes is 6% per annum.
8. PACKAGE OF MANAGEMENT PRACTICES RECOMMENDED FOR
COMMERCIAL PIG FARMING
Modern and well established scientific principles, practices and skills should be used to obtain maximum economic benefits from pig farming. Some of the major norms and recommended practices are given hereunder:
I. Housing management:
1. Construct shed on dry and properly raised ground.
2. Avoid water-logging, marshy and heavy rainfall areas.
3. The side walls of the sheds should be 4-5 ft. high and remaining height should be fitted with GI pipes or wooden poles.
4. The walls should be plastered to make them damp proof.
5. The roof should be atleast 8-10 ft. high.
6. The pig stys should be well ventilated.
7. The floor should be pucca/hard, even, non-slippery, impervious, well sloped (3 cm per metre) and properly drained to remain dry and clean.
8. A feed trough space of 6-12 inches per pig should be provided.
9. The corners of feed troughs, drains and walls should be rounded for easy cleaning.
10. Provide adequate open space for each animal i.e. double the covered area
11. Provide proper shade and cool drinking water in summer.
12. Dispose of dung and urine properly.
13. Individual pens for boars/lactating sows should be constructed.
14. The dry sows/fatteners can be housed in group pens.
15. Give adequate space for the animals. (The housing space requirement of pigs in various categories/age groups is given in Annexure VII).

II. Selection of breeding stock:
1. Immediately after release of the loan, purchase the stock from a reliable breeder or from nearest livestock market.
2. For commercial pig farming upgraded / cross bred or exotic stock in good health should be selected.
3. While selecting a gilt or sow primary aim should be to secure a female that will produce large survivable litter and which can attain marketable weight at an age of six months or less. This can be done with the help of pedigree records/Veterinarian / Bank's technical officer.
4. Purchase animals which are ready to be bred.
5. Identify the newly purchased animal by giving suitable identification mark (ear notching or tattooing).
6. Vaccinate the newly purchased animals against diseases.
7. Keep the newly purchased animal under observations for a period of about two weeks and then mix with the other animals.
8. Purchase a minimum economical unit as suggested.
9. Purchase animals in two batches at the interval of three months.
10. Follow judicious culling and replacement of animals in a herd.
11. Cull the old animals after 10-12 farrowings.

III. Feeding management:
1. Feed the animals with best feeds.
2. Give adequate concentrates in the ration.
3. Provide adequate vitamins and minerals.
4. Provide adequate clean water.
5. Give adequate exercise to the animals.
6. The feeding of the piglets is more critical and high quality and more fortified diets are needed for feeding them.
7. Feeding of the sows during pregnancy is utmost important for increased litter size.
8. The feed requirements of lactating sow varies with the size of the litter, weight, size and age of sow.
9. Commercial pig farming should aim at the exploitation of nonconventional feed resources viz., waste from Kitchen/hotel/ cold storage/warehouses, in replacing the balanced rations to minimise the cost of production.
10. The feeding regime adopted should take care of all the nutrient requirements of various categories of pigs. The nutrient requirements of breeding stock and growing pigs are given in Annexure VIIIa and VIIIb respectively.

IV. Protection against Diseases:
1. Be on the alert for signs of illness such as reduced feed intake, fever, abnormal discharge or unusual behaviour.
2. Consult the nearest veterinary aid centre for help if illness is suspected.
3. Protect the animals against common diseases.
4. In case of outbreak of contagious diseases, immediately segregate the sick and the healthy animals and take necessary disease control measures.
5. Deworm the animals regularly.
6. Examine the faeces of adult animals to detect eggs of internal parasites and treat the animals with suitable drugs.
7. Wash the animals from time to time to promote sanitation.
8. Strictly follow the recommended vaccine schedule as given in Annexure IX.

V. Breeding care:
1. Pigs are highly prolific in nature and two farrowings in a year should be planned by adopting optimal management conditions
2. For every 10 sows one boar must be maintained for maximum fertility.
3. Breed the animals when it is in peak heat period (i.e. 12 to 24 hours of heat).

VI. Care during Pregnancy:
Give special attention to pregnant sows one week before farrowing by providing adequate space, feed, water etc. The sows as well as farrowing pens should be disinfected 3-4 days before the expected date of farrowing and the sows should be placed in the farrowing pen after bedding it properly.
VII. Care of Piglets:
1. Take care of new born piglets by providing guard rails.
2. Treat / disinfect the navel cord with tincture of iodine as soon as it is cut with a sharp knife.
3. Feed on mothers milk for first 6-8 weeks along with creep feed.
4. Protect the piglets against extreme weather conditions, particularly during the first two months.
5. Needle teeth should be clipped shortly after birth.
6. Vaccinate the piglets as per recommended vaccination schedule.
7. Supplementation of Iron to prevent piglet anaemia is necessary.
8. The piglets meant for sale as breeder stock must be reared properly.
9. Male piglets not selected for breeding should be castrated preferably at the age of 3-4 weeks which will prevent the boar odour in the cooked meat thus it enables production of quality meat.
10. Additional feed requirements of lactating sow must be ensured for proper nursing of all the piglets born.

VIII. Marketing:
The marketable products of the piggery farming includes the piglets as breeding stock, piglets as fatteners, marketable fatteners and culls. The marketing avenues for the above products are like satellite fattening farms / breeding cum rearing farms and pork consumption centres. In order to promote the consumption of pork it should be supplied to the consumers in an attractive form. Therefore availability of either slaughtering facilities or bacon factories are to be ensured to convert the fatteners into wholesome pork and their products. The bacon factories that are being operated in our country are furnished in the annexure II . The sale of piglets at 2-3 months of age will yield quick returns and enables the pig farmer to concentrate their efforts on maximizing the productivity of breeder stock. The other marketing strategy can be rearing of piglets upto marketing age for their sale as fatteners. Based on the market demand appropriate marketing strategy must be adopted in consultation with the local animal husbandry department officials.

Annexure - I
State wise pig population in India (1997)
(In thousands)
Sl No. States/U.T.s Total
1 Andhra Pradesh 748
2 Arunachal Pradesh 249
3 Assam 1082
4 Bihar 924
5 Chattisgarh 456
6 Goa 105
7 Gujarat 198
8 Haryana 700
9 Himachal Pradesh 7
10 Jammu & Kashmir 12
11 Karnataka 405
12 Kerala 88
13 Madhya Pradesh 375
14 Maharashtra 567
15 Manipur 388
16 Meghalaya 351
17 Mizoram 163
18 Nagaland 571
19 Orissa 602
20 Punjab 96
21 Rajasthan 305
22 Sikkim 27
23 Tamil Nadu 609
24 Tripura 211
25 Uttar Pradesh 3135
26 Uttaranchal 32
27 West Bengal 805
Union Territories
28 Andaman & Nicobar Islands 43
29 Chandigarh 3
30 Dadra & N Haveli 0
31 Daman & Diu 0
32 Delhi 31
33 Lakshadweep 0
34 Pondicherry 1
All INDIA 13291
Note:- '—' indicates less than thousand.
Annexure - II
List of Bacon factories

S.No. State Capacity
(No. of Pigs/Days) Address
1 Uttar Pradesh 100 Bacon Factory
Central Dairy farm, Aligarh
2 West Bengal 20 Bacon Factory
Harringhatta - 721 436
Mohanpur, Nadia.
3 Andhra Pradesh 100 Government Bacon Factory,
Gannavaram-521101
Krishna Dist.
4 Bihar 50 Government Bacon Factory,
Kanke - 834005
Ranchi
5 Maharashtra 100 MAFCO Bacon Factory,
National Park,
Borivali, Mumbai-400 022
6 Rajasthan 50 Meat Complex,
Alwar-301001
7 Kerala 50 Meat Products of India,
Koothakulam - 686662
Ernakulam
8 Punjab 20 Pork processing plant,
Kharar\140301
Annexure - III
Statewise location of pig breeding farms

Sr.No. State Location of breeding farms
1 Andhra Pradesh Gannavaram, Gopannapalem, Muktalya, Padavagi, Tirupathi, Vishakapatnam
2 Arunachal Pradesh Karsingsa, Loiliang
3 Assam Diphu, Haflong, Kaliapani, Khanapara (University), Kanapara (ACRIP), Khanapara (Govt.), Khanikar, Marigoan
4 Bihar Gaurikarma, Hotwar, Jamshedpur, Kanke
5 Dadra & Nagar Haveli Port Silvasa
6 Goa Curti Ponda, Ela
7 Haryana Ambala City, Hissar
8 Karnataka Hassarghatta, Koila, Kudige
9 Kerala Ankamaly, Koothattukulam, Kunnamkulam, Mannuthy,Mundayal, Parasala, Thalayda Parambu
10 Madhya Pradesh Bastar, Jabalpur, Sakalo
11 Manipur None Tamenglong, Senepati North, Tarang, Torbumg
12 Meghalaya Baghmora, Dalu, Jowai, Mairang, Mawryngkneg, Nongstoin,Pynursla, Rongjeng, Rongkhon
13 Mizoram Kolasih, Lunglei, Selesih, Thenzawl
14 Nagaland Alukute, Medziphema, Merang, Phek, Suthazu, Tijit, Tunesand,
15 Orissa Bhaminagar, Chiplima
16 Punjab Badal, Chhaju Majra, Gurdaspur, Jalandar, Ludhiana, Maltowara,
17 Rajasthan Alwar, Bharatpur
18 Sikkim Gyalsing, Tadong
19 Tamil Nadu Chettinad, Hosur, Pudukottai, Saidpet, Udagamandalam

20 Tripura Amarpur, Birchandramanu, Gandhi Gram, Mendhihaor, Nabincherra, Nalkata

21 Uttar Pradesh Aligarh, Arzilins, Barabanki, Basti, Dehradun, Izzatnagar,Lalitpur, Moradabad, Nilgaon
22 West Bengal Bijanbari, Haringhatta, Pedong, Singruntaum, St. Mary's Hill Turki
Annexure IV
Format for submission of schemes
Scheme : Commercial Pig farming

Annexure VIII VACCINATION SCHEDULE FOR PIGS
Sr.No. Name of disease Type of vaccine Time of vaccination Duration of immunity period Remarks
1 Anthrax Spore vaccine Once in a year, premonsoon vaccination One season
2 Hog Cholera Crystal Violet vaccine After weaning One year
3 Foot and mouth disease Polyvalent tissue culture vaccine At about six months of age with booster done after 4 months One season After vaccine repeat Vaccination every year in October/November
4 Swine Erysipelas Alum treated vaccine After weaning with a booster dose after 3-4 weeks About one year
5 Tuberculosis B.C.G vaccine At about six months of age One to two years To be repeated every 2 or 3 years